Human anatomy atlas microsoft full#
Human anatomy atlas microsoft software#

Through detailed analysis of cadaveric osteologic specimens, software modelling of radiographic reconstructions, and critical examination by an anatomist, the authors have developed an anatomically accurate and comprehensive 3D digital model of the human cranium. 20 The literature is devoid of a repository of 3D virtual models for all cranial bones and important neurovascular structures, which is necessary to provide a comprehensive reference. 14, 16вЂ“19 Nowinski et al 20 in 2011 created a digital 3D cerebrovascular atlas through computer software referencing multiple 3T and 7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to create a continuous cerebrovascular tree that serves as an educational, research, and clinical reference. Multiple prior attempts to create temporal bone virtualizations have been reported and are claimed to positively impact the understanding of the body's most intricate bony anatomy. Kockro and Hwang in 2009 15 created an interactive 3D virtual model of the temporal bone and its intricate microsurgical anatomy to assist with understanding the anatomical relationships. 12вЂ“14Д®ducational digital models of segments of cranial contents have been created and demonstrated the potential of this technology as a reference. This concept was demonstrated for basic otolaryngologic surgical planning in the 1990s 3, 11 and has since expanded to include calvarial vault reconstruction during craniosynostosis surgery, the vertebral column during posterior screw fixation, and aneurysm configuration during microsurgery. Importantly, these digital models can produce patient-specific 3D print models that provide an opportunity to create physical models to emulate intricate surgical anatomy. 10 Advancement in the realism of this technology will also lead to more robust simulation models. 1, 3 More recent developments in 3D computerized models have been used to assist with the visuospatial challenges of temporal lobectomy, 4 cerebral aneurysm clipping, 5,6 transpetrous surgical approach model, 7 temporal bone dissection, 8,9 and posterior fossa surgical planning. Cranial digital surgical simulation was first initiated in the late 1980s and early 1990s. 1,2 This endeavour introduced 3D modelling as a novel means of referencing anatomical data.Дigital modelling technology is particularly useful for the field of neurosurgery given the intricate 3D anatomy within the cranial contents and spine. The Visible Human Project was an endeavour by the National Library of Medicine to create a complete 3D representation of a male and female human body for the purpose of education. Therefore, there is a need for models that can assist with 3D mental reconstruction of neuroanatomical principles for understanding both normal and pathological cerebral structures.Д¬omputer graphics and 3D digital designs have an established presence in the neurosurgical literature, particularly within the past decade, to augment education.

Human anatomy atlas microsoft full#

Based on these resources, surgeons have to reconstruct the anatomy in the 3-dimensional (3D) space to appreciate the full anatomical relationships. Prior efforts to educate surgical trainees on the intricacies of neuroanatomy have involved meticulous dissection of cadaveric specimens and a review of 2-dimensional (2D) representations of anatomical dissections and illustrations. Maintaining a working mental representation of this environment to augment one's capabilities during operative intervention can be particularly cumbersome. The advent of virtual reality and advances in computer graphics technology has enabled the development of simulated experiences and illustrative representations of intricate anatomical relationships.